Archive for the ‘public health nursing’ Category

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A Face in a Village: Remembering a First Encounter with AIDS in Africa

February 8, 2012

We’d already guessed there was a problem at the health post—we hadn’t received the last several monthly statistical reports. As a Peace Corps volunteer in the Central African Republic in the early 1990s, I reviewed these reports as part of my job at the regional health office. Another part of my job was to join a supervisory team as it traveled over dirt roads to check on health facilities from hospitals down to the village health posts staffed by a single nurse. A few months into my assignment, on our way to the provincial hospital, the team decided to stop by this particular health post to find out why we weren’t receiving reports.

That’s from “A Face in a Village,” the February Reflections essay in AJN by Susi Wyss, the author of a well-received recent novel, The Civilized World (Henry Holt, 2011). Set in Africa, the novel, like this essay, was inspired by the author’s international health career. In this essay, Wyss recalls a vivid first encounter with the ravages of AIDS and the hopelessness it inspired. (Click through to the PDF version for a cleaner read.)—JM, senior editor

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Clinic Vision

January 26, 2012

By Marcy Phipps, RN, a regular contributor to this blog. Her essay, “The Soul on the Head of a Pin,” was published in the May 2010 issue of AJN.

By Ctd 2005, via Flickr

I’ve begun volunteering at a local free clinic. While it’s been rewarding and satisfying, it’s also been fraught with challenges I didn’t expect; I’ve only worked in an ICU, and the assessment skills specific to critical care don’t translate smoothly to the clinic setting. I’m out of my professional comfort zone, and I feel so inexperienced.

Here’s what I’m used to: By the time a patient is admitted to the ICU, they’ve already been “worked up” in the emergency room. Physicians have been assigned and a preliminary diagnosis is in place. The patients are connected to equipment that displays their vital data continuously, on monitors I can see from almost anywhere, and alarms are triggered by any alterations. I’ve got easy access to radiology reports and films, laboratory values, and microbiology reports. The nursing physical assessment is thorough and paramount; I know what I’m looking for, what I’m listening and feeling for, what certain smells indicate, and I trust my instincts. I’m accustomed to not only the forced intimacy that comes with the in-depth physical assessments of critical care, but the technology and data that supplement my assessments, as well.

At the clinic my nursing role is quite different. I sit at a desk. I am to determine the reason for each patient’s visit and take their vital signs. I ask how they’ve been and what’s changed since their last visit.

One gentleman, when I ask what medications he takes at home, fishes in his pocket and drops pills wrapped in toilet paper on the desk that separates us. I sit across from him, considering how to proceed, itching to take his hand and slide my fingers along his wrist to feel the pulse of his radial artery. I wonder about his breath sounds, what his feet look like, whether I’d be able start an IV on him, and what I’m missing. There are no same-day diagnostic reports to refer to and no dictated medical histories. All I have is the snapshot capture of his vital signs and what he wants me to know.

I’m used to knowing my patients from the inside, out. Here in the clinic, I hardly even touch anyone. I feel blind.

These are the challenges I’ve found: to create a picture of my patient with limited information and subtle clues;  to listen to what someone tells me, hear what they don’t say, and know what to ask; and finally, to not lose my vision because I miss my familiar tools, but instead find a different way to see.

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Perspectives on Sebelius Overrule of FDA on Plan B

December 8, 2011

(screenshot from Huffington Post article mentioned below)

Women’s health advocates were quick to cry foul Wednesday when Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius overruled the opinion of the Food and Drug Administration that the popular “morning after” emergency contraceptive “Plan B One Step” should be allowed to be sold without a prescription — and without age restrictions.

That’s from an NPR story on the response of women’s groups to the ruling by HHS head Sebelius. Many others have weighed in via various forums since the ruling. What gives? Is the decision politically motivated? Or was it because Sebelius actually believed in the rightness of her objection enough that she should overrule the FDA, something that’s apparently not at all usual practice?

Here are some quotes from an MSNBC Vitals blog article about the issue, from a major ethicist and from a leader in pediatric care:

“In facing a tough call, HHS has put politics over science when it comes to sex,” said Art Caplan, director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania and a frequent contributor to msnbc.com.

Dr. Robert Block, president of the American Academy of Pediatrics, called the decision “medically inexplicable,” saying that it defies strong data that shows emergency contraception is safe and effective for girls and women of all ages.

President Obama has come out in support of the decision by Sebelius, as described on The Maddow Blog:

“I think it is important for us to make sure that we apply some  common sense to various rules when it comes to over-the-counter  medicine,” Obama said during an impromptu news conference at the White  House.

He said Sebelius decided 10- and 11-year-olds should not be  able to buy the drug “alongside bubble gum or batteries” because it  could have an adverse effect if not used properly. He said “most  parents” probably feel the same way.

Read the rest of this entry ?

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World AIDS Day, 30 Years On from That Fateful MMWR

December 1, 2011

By Karen Roush, MS, RN, FNP-C, AJN clinical managing editor

“In the period October 1980-May 1981, 5 young men, all active homosexuals, were treated for biopsy-confirmed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at 3 different hospitals in Los Angeles, California. Two of the patients died. All 5 patients had laboratory-confirmed previous or current cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and candidal mucosal infection. Case reports of these patients follow.”

So began the MMWR of June 5, 1981—the first herald of what became known as AIDS. Reading that report now, knowing the devastation that would follow, is chilling.

Today is World AIDS Day. It has been 30 years.

In some ways, we need this day more than ever, to remind us of the devastating potential of this condition—the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that only 28% of people in the U.S. infected with HIV get the treatment they need to suppress the virus. We need it to remind us of the millions who continue to suffer and die from it, mostly in Africa where two thirds of the AIDS cases occur.

We should also take time today to celebrate the victories. We’ve come far in the last 30 years. Effective treatments have been developed. Civil rights protections have been put in place. People with HIV can now live long, joyful, productive lives. Thirty years ago it was a death sentence, one that devastated those it affected—physically, socially, economically. Now it is a manageable illness that appears close to being controlled. Read the rest of this entry ?

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‘The Worst I’ve Ever Seen’: One Persistent Nurse’s Take on Somalian Refugee Situation

September 20, 2011

By Shawn Kennedy, editor-in-chief

Long-term care: Martone at a refugee camp in Uganda back in 2001

Gerry Martone is a nurse who has traveled to the far reaches of the world in his job as director of humanitarian resources at the International Rescue Committee (IRC). We ran a profile of Gerry in 2001 and also a photo essay. He’s also a skilled photographer and we’ve published his photo essays documenting his travels. (See here for one on assessing poverty in Afghanistan and here for one on Sudan refugees; click through to PDF versions for best viewing.)

So when I spoke with Gerry last week, shortly after he came back from a visit to a refugee camp in Kenya, it scared me when he said the situation in East Africa is the worst thing he’s ever seen. The region is plagued by a severe drought (Martone says it’s had no appreciable rain in two years), and while drought is a cyclical phenomenon there,  a struggling central government, lack of health and response systems, and ongoing  conflicts among local clans have worsened the situation, causing widespread food shortages. The global community is responding with aid, but for many, it will be too late.

He visited a UN camp outside the city of Dadaab, Kenya, to which more than 440,000 displaced people—mostly Somalians, who are the hardest hit—have fled. The IRC runs a hospital at the camp. The situation is dire: the UN estimates that, without intervention, 750,000 Somalians face death within four months. And it doesn’t have to be this way—it’s a matter of making potable water and food available—though even with supplies on hand, it’s hard to get them delivered to those in need. Martone said the area is completely lawless and very dangerous—he traveled with six armed guards—and many organizations fear sending their workers.

Martone said if people want to help, they should donate to an aid agency they feel comfortable with—and there are many doing work in the region, including the IRC, Doctors Without Borders, and the UN Refugee Agency, to name a few.

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Hurricane Aftermath

August 29, 2011

Hurricane Irene, by D. Fletcher via Flickr

By Shawn Kennedy, MA, RN, AJN editor-in-chief

Well, Hurricane Irene has come and gone in the northeast United States. While it certainly destroyed property, downed power lines, and caused flooding, many are thinking that we escaped the worst, since Irene morphed from a hurricane into a tropical storm when it made landfall in Long Island, New York.

This is not to diminish the tragedy that it caused—in loss of life (CNN reports 25 Irene-related deaths)  and destruction of property.  And I sympathize with those who experienced flooding or lost power. Cooking, showering, and basic daily activities become major challenges and require ingenuity, creativity, and sometimes a touch of genius. While initially this merely seems inconvenient, after a few days it’s exhausting. I’m sure there will be many households without power for weeks, judging from some local news reports.

An important potential health hazard that wasn’t covered in depth on the news is walking or wading in flood waters in shorts and bare feet or flip-flops. Flood waters often contain contaminants from storm drains and sewers, including raw sewage (as one news reporter discovered only after he was covered in it). Debris, sharp objects, and even power lines may be hidden underwater, as well as ditches or drains (47-year-old postal worker Ronald Dawkins, from Orange, New Jersey, was killed when he tried to wade through rising water to a postal facility where he worked and stepped into a hidden drainage creek).

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offers a guide to preventing illness after a disaster and also has information for how to stay safe while cleaning up after flooding. Check it out and spread the word.

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AJN’s Top 10 Blog Posts for the Last Quarter

August 2, 2011

At this blog we’re not always devoted practitioners of the art of the list. Used too often and too cynically (some of the more mysterious nursing blogs consist entirely of lists of articles and excerpts from other blogs), lists can be just another form of journalistic cannibalism.

But it sometimes occurs to me, as I publish a new post that takes its place at the top of the home page and pushes all those below down another notch (until, after a few such nudges, they gradually fall off the page, entering the purgatory of the blog archives), that this isn’t entirely fair.

While blogs allow for quick reaction to a news story, a public health emergency or controversy, a new bit of published research, they are also places for writing that isn’t so narrowly tied to a specific date and event. Many thoughtful posts by excellent writers have been published here in the past couple of years. With this in mind, here’s a list of the 10 most read blog posts for the past 90 days. It doesn’t mean that these are necessarily the very best posts we published in that time, or that they were even published in the last 90 days . . . but it’s one way of measuring relevance.—Jacob Molyneux, senior editor/blog editor 

1. Dispatches from the Alabama Tornado Zone
This one is actually a page with links to a series of powerful and thought-provoking posts by Susan Hassmiller, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Senior Adviser for Nursing, who volunteered with the Red Cross after the devastating Alabama tornadoes in late April of this year.

2. Notes of a Student Nurse: A Dose of Reality
This honest account of a first semester of nursing school is by Jennifer-Clare Williams, a student at Cox College of Nursing and Health Sciences in Springfield, Missouri. We hope to have more of her posts in the future.

3. Bullying Wars: Theresa Brown vs. ‘the entire physician profession’
AJN‘s editor-in-chief Shawn Kennedy comes to the defense of nurse and author Theresa Brown, who dared to write about physicians who bully nurses.

4. New Nurses Face Reality Shock in Hospital Settings – So What Else is New?
We ran this one two years ago, but it’s as relevant as ever for nurses who’ve just graduated from school and are starting out in a new job—and for the nurses who work with them.

5. Don’t Cling to Tradition: A Nursing Student’s Call for Realism, Respect
By Medora McGinnis, a student at Bon Secours Memorial College of Nursing in Richmond, Virginia, this post got a lot of attention with its assertion that “nontraditional” nursing students may be the new normal.

6. What Is Meaningful Use? One Savvy Nurse’s Take
By Jared Sinclair, an ICU nurse in Nashville who has a blog about health care and technology, this post demystifies for nurses some of the issues associated with electronic health records.

7. Workplace Violence Against Nurses — Neither Inevitable Nor Acceptable
A look at some helpful articles that have addressed aspects of this perennially troubling issue. Read the rest of this entry ?

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Children, Swimming Pools, and Preventing Death by Drowning

July 20, 2011
A boy in a children's swimming pool.

Boy in children's swimming pool/image via Wikipedia

By Shawn Kennedy, AJN editor-in-chief—Most children love water, from splashing in puddles to throwing rocks into streams to just playing in the bathtub (a favorite activity of one of my boys was to stand on a chair at the kitchen sink and “wash dishes” with mounds of bubbles). Keeping them away from potentially dangerous situations around water requires constant vigilance when they’re young and repeated warnings as they get older. But often that’s not enough. Too many children drown or nearly drown each year in backyard swimming pools. U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data shows drowning as the second leading cause of death from unintentional injuries among children ages one to 14.

Last Friday, there was an especially heart-wrenching story: one-year-old twin boys both drowned in a backyard pool in Northern California. Their mother found them, pulled them out of the pool, and tried to revive them but was unsuccessful. I can’t imagine the depths of her grief.

We tend to think that it’s only the large, in-ground swimming pools that pose a hazard. But a recent study in Pediatrics documents that danger persists for all pools, including small backyard portable pools (wading pools, inflatable pools, soft-sided pop-up pools, etc). It looked at drowning and near-drowning (“submersion events”) in these types of pools from 2001 to 2009 and tallied 209 drownings and 35 near-drownings among children under 12.

Not surprisingly, the majority occurred in younger children: 94% were children under five; more than half were boys. And 73% happened in the child’s own backyard. While the description of the type of pool was only reported in about a third of the cases, 41% of the described pools were described as “wading pools.” The authors call for a consumer-education campaign “to make consumers aware of the dangers of portable pools because these small, inexpensive, consumer-installed pools may not generate the same sense of risk as an in-ground pool. “

This study serves as a reminder to parents and grandparents and anyone who cares for children that any body of water—including two inches in a bathtub, a low toilet, or the ankle-deep water at the ocean’s edge—can be dangerous, depending on the age of the child.

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Sexual Predators Online: Where Do They Intersect With Adolescents and Young Adults?

June 30, 2011

Here are some of the results described in “Online Social Networking Patterns Among Adolescents, Young Adults, and Sexual Offenders,” an original research article published in the July issue of AJN:

nearly two-thirds of Internet offenders said they’d initiated the topic of sex in their first chat session; more than half . . . disguised their identity when online; most . . . preferred communicating with teenage girls rather than teenage boys; high school students’ experience with “sexting” . . . differed significantly according to their sex; a small number of students are being threatened and assaulted by people they meet online; avatar sites such as Second Life were used both by students and offenders . .  . .

What’s your own experience? Have a look at the article, and pass along the link if you find it useful, as a parent or nurse. Have you heard any concerns about Internet safety from parents or adolescents you encounter in your own practice or community? What’s your own take on Facebook and privacy, or any other issue raised in this article?—JM, senior editor

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Making Homes Safer

June 20, 2011

By Shawn Kennedy, AJN editor-in-chiefThe Canadian Partnership for Children’s Health and Environment suggests five actions for parents to follow to reduce their children’s exposure to environmental hazards at home. While the recommendations are not really new, it’s worth reminding parents of young children and women who are pregnant or contemplating pregnancy to be mindful of potential hazards from common household substances. Here are the recommendations (you can download the free brochure):

  1. Minimize dust in the air (which may contain minute lead particles) by frequent vacuuming and by using a damp cloth when cleaning.
  1. Use nontoxic cleaners (baking soda or vinegar and water are recommended as ‘green’ cleaners, and a number of commercial products without harmful chemicals are now available) and avoid antibacterial soap and items with added fragrances to minimize exposure to chemicals.
  1. Seal off areas undergoing renovation to avoid dust and fumes. Caution women who are pregnant and young children to avoid the area.
  1. Minimize exposure to plastic to avoid exposures to bisphenol A (BPA) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Avoid storing food in plastic (glass or ceramics are recommended) or microwaving food that’s in plastic containers or covered with plastic wrap; discard soft plastic toys that contain vinyl or PVC that might be used by or come into contact with infants and children.
  1. To minimize exposure to mercury, be mindful of the kind of fish you eat and how often you eat it.

Also, see “Best Practices in Environmental Health” in our June 2009 issue.

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