Archive for the ‘infection control’ Category

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Say It Ain’t So: Another ‘No’ on the Cookie Dough

December 12, 2011

Photo by AlexiUeltzen, via Flickr.

By Karen Roush, MS, RN, FNP-C, AJN clinical managing editor

I admit it. For me, the best part of baking chocolate chip cookies is eating the raw dough. I know there’s a risk for a food-borne illness, but it’s hard to resist at least one mouthful—well, maybe two—of that combination of brown sugar, butter, and chocolate chips. Now, just in time for the holiday baking season, there’s even more evidence that taking that bite is not such a great idea.

A recent study by Neil and colleagues found that a 2009 outbreak of Escherichia coli was associated with eating raw cookie dough: 77 people across multiple states came down with an E. coli O157:H7 infection. The researchers found the common exposure was to a  ready-to-bake, prepackaged cookie dough that the patients had eaten raw. They believe the most likely culprit in the dough was contaminated flour. (The researchers note that flour has been implicated in food-borne Salmonella and E. coli outbreaks in the past.)

So, when educating patients about safety this holiday season, remind them that food products meant to be cooked or baked should never be eaten raw. As for me, this holiday I think I’ll head to the bakery and stay out of temptation’s way.

What other holiday safety tips have you got for patients?

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World AIDS Day, 30 Years On from That Fateful MMWR

December 1, 2011

By Karen Roush, MS, RN, FNP-C, AJN clinical managing editor

“In the period October 1980-May 1981, 5 young men, all active homosexuals, were treated for biopsy-confirmed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at 3 different hospitals in Los Angeles, California. Two of the patients died. All 5 patients had laboratory-confirmed previous or current cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and candidal mucosal infection. Case reports of these patients follow.”

So began the MMWR of June 5, 1981—the first herald of what became known as AIDS. Reading that report now, knowing the devastation that would follow, is chilling.

Today is World AIDS Day. It has been 30 years.

In some ways, we need this day more than ever, to remind us of the devastating potential of this condition—the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that only 28% of people in the U.S. infected with HIV get the treatment they need to suppress the virus. We need it to remind us of the millions who continue to suffer and die from it, mostly in Africa where two thirds of the AIDS cases occur.

We should also take time today to celebrate the victories. We’ve come far in the last 30 years. Effective treatments have been developed. Civil rights protections have been put in place. People with HIV can now live long, joyful, productive lives. Thirty years ago it was a death sentence, one that devastated those it affected—physically, socially, economically. Now it is a manageable illness that appears close to being controlled. Read the rest of this entry ?

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Tragedy into Policy: A Hepatitis C Outbreak and a Study of Nevada RNs Lead to New Protections for Whistleblowers

June 7, 2011

By Sylvia Foley, AJN senior editor

In 2008, more than 62,000 people who had undergone procedures at one of two southern Nevada endoscopy clinics were notified that “they might have been exposed to bloodborne pathogens, including hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV, as a result of unsafe injection practices.” As author Lisa Black reports in this month’s CE–Original Research feature, a subsequent investigation by federal and state agencies found multiple breaches of infection control protocols. Indeed, 115 patients were found to be “either certainly or presumptively infected” with HCV through the reuse of contaminated medication vials.

Especially distressing was strong anecdotal evidence that because of a general fear of workplace retaliation, staff at the two clinics had often failed to report unsafe patient care conditions. At the request of the Nevada legislature, a study was conducted to examine Nevada RNs’ experiences with workplace attitudes toward patient advocacy activities. Black was the principal investigator. Read the rest of this entry ?

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A Primary Source Reminder from the Early Days of HIV/AIDS

June 6, 2011

By Maureen Shawn Kennedy, AJN editor-in-chief

Last week, I received a press release from the National Institutes of Health noting the publication 30 years ago of the first ‘official’ report that many consider to have heralded the beginning of the AIDS epidemic—a report in the MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report), a publication of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma in otherwise healthy young men who all happened to be gay.

This report (which included various causative theories, including speculation that the weakened immune system among these gay men might somehow have resulted from the use of lifestyle drugs such as amyl nitrate!), seemed late in coming for those of us who’d been seeing unusual infections among gay men since the mid-1970s.

In 1975, I became aware of these young men when they started coming for diagnostic consultation with the physicians I worked with in a private hematology–oncology practice in New York City. No one could figure out why they had developed opportunistic infections that were normally seen only in patients who’d been on chemotherapy or who had other immune disorders. We talked about the fact that similar cases were being seen at the (now defunct) St. Vincent’s Medical Center in Greenwich Village. Read the rest of this entry ?

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Farewell to Nurses Week 2011

May 18, 2011

By Shawn Kennedy, AJN editor-in-chief

So Nurses Week 2011 has come and gone. I was in Malta at the start of it—at the 2011 International Council of Nurses (ICN) meeting in Valletta—and in New York City at the end of it.  From two disparate locations, there was a singular thread: nurses seeking information to improve the lives of their patients and themselves.

In Malta, there were over 2,000 nurses from all over the world. Some participated as their nation’s representatives in the Council of National Representatives (see an earlier post describing ICN activities); some came for the educational sessions, or to share experiences or initiatives that have made a difference in the lives of nurses or patients. (I wrote about two of these moving stories.) The conference also served as a reminder of how much I regret not being fluent in another language—four years of high school French and a French-speaking grandfather helped a little, but there’s nothing like meeting colleagues who speak two or three languages (their own native language, English, and usually a bit of another one) to make you realize how necessary it is to be multilingual in today’s world.

On one day, I was eating lunch with colleagues from Brazil and Belgium. Read the rest of this entry ?

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Fighting Malaria with Public Health Billboards and Mosquito Nets

December 2, 2010

By Dawn Starin

Metal billboard with an antimalarial public health message, Bubaque, Guinea-Bissau, 2010. Photo by Dawn Starin.

The metal billboard in the photo stands in the main marketplace on the island of Bubaque, the second largest in Guinea-Bissau’s Bijagós Archipelago. It depicts a mother and child sleeping under an insecticide-treated mosquito net. Translated into English, the text reads, “Malaria kills more pregnant women and children. Always sleep underneath the mosquito net.” But it’s not clear whether it gets its crucial message across effectively.

Half the global population—about 3.3 billion people—is at risk for contracting malaria, a parasitic infection transmitted by mosquitoes. The disease kills close to one million people each year; 91% of these deaths occur in Africa. A major global campaign, Roll Back Malaria (RBM), was launched in 1998 with a mandate “to implement coordinated action to combat malaria” worldwide; some 500 organizations now take part.

One RBM effort in sub-Saharan Africa (an area that includes Guinea-Bissau) is aimed at getting more people to use insecticide-treated bed nets, since the parasite-carrying mosquitoes are reportedly only active at night. In Africa malaria accounts for one in five deaths in children. 

Pregnant women are also at high risk, as they’re bitten by the mosquitoes twice as often as nonpregnant women. Why? According to a study published in 2000 in the Lancet, pregnant women have a higher body temperature and warmer skin and produce more sweat than do nonpregnant women; those in the last trimester also exhale greater volumes of air. (Read the abstract here.) All of these physiological differences give pregnant women a “larger host signature” and probably aid mosquitoes in detecting them as targets.

According to the RBM Partnership’s latest report, ”Every US $1,025 spent on insecticide-treated nets will protect 380 children and save one child’s life each year.” Is the message getting across?

(Editor’s note: For more on Guinea-Bissau’s public health billboards, see this earlier post.)

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To Err is Human . . . To Improve Elusive?

December 1, 2010

Hospital Bed-2/Timm Suess, via Flickr

Peggy McDaniel, BSN, RN, is an infusion practice manager and occasional blogger

As a nurse working in the quality improvement and patient safety arena, I’m not surprised that the title of a recent article at Fierce Healthcare got my attention: “Hospitals Are Bad for Your Health.” The article highlights a recently released report from the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General based on a study of Medicare patients discharged in 2008. Among other things, it revealed that “44% of adverse or temporary harm events were clearly or likely preventable.” The usual culprits were to blame:

  • infections
  • medication errors
  • surgery-related errors
  • patient care issues

Most of these have been previously labeled as “never events” by the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS), and currently hospitals are not being reimbursed for the costs incurred if one or more of these happen to a patient while in the hospital. CMS was the first to implement such a pay-for-performance model—and major insurance companies have followed their lead.

In recently published NEJM study, 63% of the adverse events reported in the hospitals studied were deemed preventable. This study was disheartening because we recently passed the 10-year anniversary of the release of the Institute of Medicine’s Report, “To Err is Human,” (pdf) and now know that real progress to reduce harm to patients has been moving at a snail’s pace.

As I blogged here previously, there have been some pockets of significant improvement, such as the implementation of checklists. That said, we have a long way to go to reduce the occurrence of preventable harm to our patients. This statement from the article I began this post with, that “hospitals kill an estimated 180,000 people a year due to adverse events,” should get your attention. It certainly kept me reading.

I also hope it is a call to action for nurses, since we are often the last stop before a medication or treatment touches a patient. Read the rest of this entry ?

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Anti-Antibiotics Week

November 18, 2010

By Christine Moffa, MS, RN, clinical editor at AJN

Not only is antibiotic resistance dangerous and expensive, it’s on the rise. Unfortunately, cold and flu season can make people so uncomfortable they’ll do anything to feel better, including insisting that their health care provider write a prescription for a medication that can’t help them. In an effort to change this, the CDC and FDA have teamed up for the 3rd annual Get Smart about Antibiotics Week (November 15–21). You can check out their websites for various patient education materials and other resources to promote awareness at your facility.

For more information on antibiotic resistance and the Get Smart campaign, look at these articles published in AJN:

“Acute Respiratory Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance,” by Ann Marie Hart, PhD, RN, FNP, Alison Patti, MPH, CHES, Brendan Noggle, MPH, Erica Haller-Stevenson, MPH, CHES,and Lisa B. Hines, MPH, CHES

“Is Your Patient Taking the Right Antimicrobial?” by Mary C. Vrtis, PhD, RN

Sometimes it’s hard to not give in to the pressure when a patient expects a prescription at the end of a visit. What do you tell your patients or friends and family when they insist they need an antibiotic for cold or flu symptoms?

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Why Do Needlestick Injuries Still Haunt Us 10 Years after Protective Legislation?

November 8, 2010

By Shawn Kennedy, AJN interim editor-in-chief

By ad-vantage / Vanessa Agressti, via Flickr

In 2008, a survey by the American Nurses Association (ANA) indicated that 64% of nurses reported a needlestick injury. That startling figure was reported by Marla Weston, CEO of the ANA,  in her opening remarks last week when the ANA relaunched “Safe Needles Save Lives,” its campaign for use of safe needles in the workplace. The campaign originally launched ten years ago and was instrumental in passage of Public Law 106-430, the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act, which requires employers to “identify, evaluate, and make use of effective safer medical devices.” And while there have been inroads towards use of safer needle systems, the 2008 data show that much needs to be done. 

Speaking from experience. Karen Daley, the ANA president, has long been a leader in advocating for safer needle systems. She sustained a needlestick injury while working in the ER a decade ago and contracted hepatitis and HIV infection. Her home state, Massachusetts, has been in the forefront of legislation. According to Angela Laramie from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, all hospitals in Massachusetts are mandated to use sharps injury prevention devices, maintain a log of any injuries, and submit an annual report to the state. Yet, state data show an average of 3,000 needlestick injuries yearly—and more than half of these are with devices that lack safe needle systems.

Why does this continue? Why can hospitals, clinics, and other workplaces that use sharps continue to not invest in safe devices when they are available and when, by law, their use is mandated? Nurses, does your workplace protect you from needlestick injuries?

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In Her Own Words: Pakistani Flood Victim Focuses on Providing Essential Medical Help to Others

September 30, 2010

Yesterday we posted here on the threats facing medical aid workers in unstable countries, with a special focus on the work of the international aid organization Merlin in Pakistan following this summer’s catastrophic flooding. Today we publish a first-person account by Azra Habib, a Lady Health Worker who has been working for Merlin’s diarrhea treatment unit (DTU) in the flood-affected Charsadda district of Khyber Pakthunkhwa. She, like many health workers, has opted not to focus on the potential risk she faces or her own family’s losses, but instead on the immediate need for basic health care services.—Jacob Molyneux, senior editor/blog editor

Azra Habib at a Merlin Diarrhea Treatment Unit in Pakistan

I’ve recently taken a new post as a Lady Health Worker for a diarrhea treatment unit (DTU) at the Charsadda District Hopital in KPK. After the floods there were many villages in the district with no clean water, and the demands on this specialized ward can be extreme. Having lost everything, many people don’t have the resources to get transport to the hospital. Often, by the time they get here, patients are moderately or severely dehydrated and need to be admitted. There are 40 beds but we’ve had as many as 189 patients arrive on the ward in a day.

A toddler recovering from dehydration brought on by acute watery diarrhea

Early one morning, not long after I started my position here, I was about to sign off from my night shift duty. A woman came in, crying out with a child not yet three years old in her arms. She was screaming, “He is not moving, he is not responding.” He had been suffering from diarrhea for two days. When the doctor saw him, he noted that his condition was grave and we started immediate treatment: an IV line to restore his fluid loss and antibiotics to treat his infection.

The boy had lost his father and 5-year-old sister in the flood. This meant that his mother had no one else left. I asked if I could take care of the child and continue my shift rather than sign out, and the doctor allowed me to do so. So I put in all my efforts to his recovery and the child started to respond in the evening. He remained in the DTU for five full days, and when he fully recovered he was discharged.

Noshad Ali holds his 2-year-old grandson, Mohammad Faizan, who is recovering from severe dehydration brought on by acute watery diarrhea

A very personal catastrophe. I wanted to make sure he survived because I know what it means to lose everything and to be left with heavy responsibilities. Prior to the floods in Pakistan, I worked for five years in my village, Banda Malahar, as a health worker. At the same time, I was close to finishing my nursing and midwifery studies. I was in the process of taking my third-year nursing exams when the floods hit and destroyed the area where I live. That day, I was on my way to the city to take exams when I saw water was fast approaching on the motorway. As the bus driver backtracked, I saw all the bee boxes from the nearby farms, floating in the water. I suddenly forgot about my exams and started to worry about my home.

I couldn’t reach my family by phone, but I’d heard on the radio that all of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had been affected by flash floods. When I finally reached my elder brother by phone the next day, he told me that the whole village had been swept was away by water and there was nothing left. He told me that my sisters-in-law and their children found refuge in a school, while my three brothers were living in a tent on the motorway. He told me that our parents refused to leave the house. So we had no idea if they had survived. I was horrified by the news and felt very restless.

Only silence. Eight days after the flooding started, I finally found my parents. They had found shelter in a school. A week later we returned to Banda Malahar, which was washed away. There was nothing left, only silence. I was standing in ankle-high muddy water and debris. We took the household items we could salvage and what we could find to pitch up a tent to live in. Neighboring families began returning, pitching tents in the footprint of where their homes had once been.

Now everyone is developing severe skin infections, or coming down with diarrhea and malaria, which my sister has also contracted. Living conditions prior to the flood were very poor and now they’ve gone from bad to worse. The floodwaters took everything we had; even my elder brother’s beekeeping business is finished. Read the rest of this entry ?

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